![]() ![]() There is no requirement for specific equipment for the application of these language and speech assessments, except for the test procedures. These are submitted to phonological analysis to identify changes according to child age. In general, the diagnosis of SSD is performed by applying language and speech tests, such as spontaneous speech, picture naming, and imitation of words and sentences. Therefore, comprehensive studies into aspects related to evaluating different biomedical parameters (acoustic and laryngeal symptoms and signs of oral airflow amplitude), as well as of parameters of speech disorders, articulation rate, speech inconsistency and speech stimulability, are essential to better understand the changes in children with speech disorders. The greater the therapists' knowledge about instruments that can be used to describe better SSD cases, the more accurate their clinical decisions. ![]() The interrelationship between these aspects is the reason why studying them is of fundamental importance to better comprehend this disorder. It is already known that children with SSD may present speech impairment caused by difficulty with auditory input (auditory processing of information) and/or cognitive-linguistic processing and/or motor speech processing. SSD is defined in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) and ICD-10 as difficulty in using age-appropriate speech sounds for an individual dialect and is the most prevalent speech and language disorder in children. Recent studies in the area of speech and language disorders highlight the heterogeneity of SSD cases in terms of their manifestation, severity, and intelligibility. The need to use clinical evidence to carry out a differential diagnosis, associated with the knowledge of speech-language therapists, appeared from the demand for more accurate diagnoses for the treatment of different human communication disorders. ![]() This practice emerged at the beginning of this century and refers to the combined use of different evidence to make the correct clinical decisions for a given individual. The search for more precise diagnoses that allow greater characterization of the clinical manifestations of children with SSD is constant, arising from the need to work according to the evidence-based practice. In this sense, the speech-language pathologists need to be able to specify more precisely the type of difficulty the child has. Many studies demonstrating the need for speech-language pathologists to refine the assessment of speech sound disorders (SSDs) in children have been published. This chapter presents the recent advances observed in studies with Brazilian-Portuguese speakers aiming to improve the assessment of speech sound disorders and to understand better the relationship between the different processing mechanisms involved in speech. Studies recently conducted by our research group have emphasized the evaluation of auditory-perceptual processing by means of assessments of central auditory processing, electrophysiology of hearing-considering that pure-tone, speech audiometry, and tympanometry are routinely used with children during the diagnostic phase and motor speech production performed by acoustic analysis of speech, electroglottography, aerodynamic measures, and ultrasound tongue imaging. Different equipments that enable noninvasive collection and analysis of data have become more common in speech-language pathology practice. Comprehensive studies on aspects related to the assessment of different biomedical parameters (acoustic and laryngeal signs and oral airflow amplitude), as well as parameters for speech disorders, articulation rate, speech inconsistency, and speech stimulability, are essential for better professional practice and to understand misarticulations in children with speech sound disorders (SSDs). ![]()
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